Dr. Carter s Letter - 929 Words

I am pleased to write this letter in strong support of Dr. Marilyn Carter’s outstanding research work as a scientist in the field of neuroscience. Based on her research skills, publication records, and both her proven and ongoing contributions to the field, I am absolutely confident that Dr. Carter will continue to discover new aspects of neurodegenerative diseases and thus facilitate the discovery of new therapeutic methods, ultimately serving the national interests. Before providing further details of Dr. Carter and her research, I would like to introduce myself. I am a Professor of Neuroscience and Neurology in the department of Neurosciences at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH. I obtained my B.A. in Chemistry and Biochemistry at University of Michigan in 1974, and completed Ph.D. in Neurosciences in 1979 at University of Michigan. I spent three years in Harvard School of Medicine as a Postdoc Fellow before I joined Case Western University as a faculty. I am currently a director of Alzheimer Research Laboratory and a director of the department of Neuroscience at Case Western School of medicine as well. My research interests include investigating roles of important players in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) including amyloid beta (AÃŽ ²) and apolipoprotein E (ApoE). My laboratory identifies molecular components participating in AÃŽ ² aggregation or degradation and searches for therapeutic agents to counteract th e catastrophic neurodegenerationShow MoreRelatedA Tale Of Two Cities By Charles Dickens987 Words   |  4 PagesLondon and Paris. These are the two cities that the book centers around. In the city of London, the neighborhood of SoHo, and Paris, the french countryside, and city of Dover. b city houses, palace of Versailles. The house in Paris where the Darnay s stayed had a small courtyard. 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Labelle V. Rogers Communications Inc. - 1680 Words

Labelle v. Rogers Communications Inc. Labelle v. Rogers Communications Inc. Deborah P. Labelle filed a complaint with the Canadian Human Rights Commission on September 3, 2009 against Rogers Communications Inc. The complainant, Labelle feels that Rogers Communications Inc. the respondent, discriminated against her because she is a woman. This falls under section 3 of the CHRA which covers and protects against sex discrimination. Labelle alleges she was treated differently compared to her male counterparts and was eventually fired from her position. The complainant filed this complaint on the grounds of sex discrimination. The Commission on the date of April 8, 2011 announced to the Tribunal and the alleged parties that is would not be involved in the hearing directly. They enclosed documentation and forwarded it to both parties concerning the information about legal council should they have any questions. A mediation date was set shortly after on April 19, 2011. At this point the Tribunal uses a courier service to contact all parties involved. This requires the recipient to sign for the documents being delivered. This presented an issue for the complainant from the beginning. The courier has history saved to record when a delivery is attempted and is either successful or unsuccessful. Throughout the entirety of this case, Labelle was unable to be contacted on over 5 attempts by the courier service. It became increasingly difficult to reach the complainant, multiple dates

Relationship banking Free Essays

Youth, adolescence, and maturity of banks Credit availability to small business in an era of banking consolidation. pdf more complete conceptual framework for SME finance. pdf Bank Size and Small- and Medium-sized Enterprise (SME) Lending Evidence from China. We will write a custom essay sample on Relationship banking or any similar topic only for you Order Now pdf Bank size, lending technologies, and small business finance. pdf Bank-firm relationships, financing and firm performance in Germany. pdf Collateral, type of lender and relationship banking as determinants of credit risk. pdf Competition and relationship lending Friends or foes. pdf Credit protection and lending relationships. pdf Firm failure and relationship lending in an emerging economy new evidence from small businesses. pdf How do lending relationships affect access to credit and loan conditions in microlending. pdf Information verifiability, bank organization, bank competition and bank-borrower relationships. pdf Lending relationships in line-of- credit and nonline-of-credit loans Evidence from collateral use in small business. pdf Loan officers and relationship lending to SMEs. pdf Multiple banking relationships and the fragility of corporate borrowers. pdf On the importance ot retail banking relationships. t On the prortability and cost of relationship lending. pdf Organizational distance and use of collateral for business loans. SME, borrowing constraints and banking relationship in Japan. pdf The number of banking relationships and the business cycle New evidence from Colombia. pdf The relationship banking paradox No pain no gain versus raison d†tre. pdf The relationship between banking market competition and risk-taking Do size and capitalization matter. pdf Trends in relationship lending and factors affecting relationship lending effeciency. pdf What’s in a relationship The case of commercial lending. pdf Collateral, type of lender and relationship banking. pdf Collateral-based lending in emerging. pdf Do lending relationships matter. f Does gender matter in bank-firm relationships Evidence from small. pdf Does market size structure affect competition. pdf Empirical determinants of relationship lending. pdf Evidence of Jointness in the terms of relationship. pdf How do lending relationships affect access to credit and loan conditions. pdf How important are small banks to small to small busine ss lending. pdf How SMEs exploit their intellectual property assets. pdf Information verifiability, bank organization, bank competition and bank, How to cite Relationship banking, Papers

Conflict and Violence in Premarital Relationship free essay sample

Incidence of conflicts and violence in premarital relationship seems to happen regularly. This research paper discusses the many possible reasons that would cause someone to become a victim or perpetrator in premarital relationships. A root cause of premarital violence is in childhood experiences. Individuals develop a certain relationship style based on their childhood experiences that influences how they behave in close relationships. Childhood emotional trauma causes children to develop insecure relationship style that produces adults with many emotional and psychological issues such as depression and anger. These styles are termed: the secure, the avoidant, the ambivalent and the disorganized relationship style. Children learn to communicate and interact with others through observing the way their manage conflicts parents. Conflicts occur often, mainly due to the lack of communication skills between couples and individual insecurities. Uncontrolled and unmanaged conflicts can cause one or both partners lose control, and quite often, the heated conflict ends in violence. Introduction Conflicts that arise in premarital relationships may be due to both dyadic and individual problems. These conflicts often lead to violence in relationships. The way someone reacts to lifes problems or issues is rooted in the way he or she is raised and his or her childhood experiences. The term premarital used throughout this paper refers to only a male-female relationship. The terms such as courtship, dating relationships, also refers to the entire scope of heterosexual dating behavior, from casual dating through engagement and/or cohabitation. A premarital relationship is defined as any romantic love relationship involving a male and a female before marriage or outside of marriage. The essence of romance is characterized by a marked physical attraction, strong emotional attachment between the partners, and a tendency for each to idealize the other (Waller Hill, 1951). Premarital relationships in this research paper includes anyone from as young as high school students to seniors. Conflicts Lead to Violence Conflict in premarital relationships can be defined as a disagreement, a quarrel or dispute, or a discord of action or feeling. According to Tim Clinton (2006), there are three levels of relationship dispute which are termed renegotiation, impasse or dissolution. Level one (renegotiation) involves someone who is angry and bickers about his or her differences and who is governed by fears and anger. Level two (impasse) is where both individuals begin to disengage emotionally from each other and no longer confide or trust each other. Level three (dissolution) is where couples eventually reach a point where they completely cut themselves off emotionally from each other (Clinton 2006). Violence in premarital relationships include acts that involves any force that is unjust, rough or injurious to another person. Henton et al. (1983), reported several types of violent behaviors such as pushing, grabbing or shoving, slapping and kicking, biting or hitting with the fist. Relationship violence involves both the victimized and the perpetrator. When a conflict gets out of hand and escalates, one or both partners lose control, and quite often the heated conflict ends in violence (Lloyd et al. , 1989). Alarmingly, violence in courtship seems to happen regularly between 1 in 3 and 1 in 2 college students and 1 in 10 high school students experience violence as victims or perpetrators (Cate et al. , 1982; Laner Thompson, 1982; Makepeace, 1981; Roscoe Callahan, 1985; Rouse et al. , 1988; Stets Straus, 1989). The ability of premarital partners to overlook, forgive, or ignore negative interaction that is even encouraged and supported by peer groups is due to the power of romance (Lloyd, 1991). Individual and Childhood Problems Childhood experiences have a lasting effect on people according to the Social Learning Theory. Exposure to violence during childhood makes individuals more prone to be involved in a violent intimate relationship. The witnessing of violence in the family of origin links to violent experience and perpetration in premarital relationships Gover et al. (2008) explored the association between exposure to violence in the family of origin and subsequent physical violence and psychological abuse in dating relationship. Dating violence victimization and perpetration, has been linked to exposure to violence during early childhood. Gover et al. 2008) termed this hypothesis intergenerational transmission of violence, where exposure to violence during childhood is related to subsequent involvement in violent intimate relationships (p. 1668). The hypothesis explains how dating violence is more likely in people that experienced child abuse or witnessed parental violence. The study looked at the interpersonal violence between dating partners in several ways by using large sample of male and female college students to comprehensively examine the intergenerational transmission of violence hypothesis. Women are more often victimized than men. The study by Gover et al. , showed that childhood abuse is associated with the likelihood of dating violence victimization among females but not males. The results showed a correlation between childhood violence victimization and physical violence perpetration in a dating relationship, which supported the intergenerational transmission of violence hypothesis. They also concluded that there is a significant relationship between physical dating violence victimization for women who were exposed to paternal perpetrated abuse. Witnessing violence between parents does not have as much of a significant impact on dating violence perpetration in comparison to female exposure to paternal perpetrated abuse. Child abuse is related to dating violence victimization and perpetration especially among males; women are more likely to become victimized rather than the perpetrator according to some studies. Child abuse involves psychological abuse, emotional neglect, sexual abuse, exposure to severe marital conflict and addictive behavior (Clinton, 2006). According to the Gover et al. tudy, violence victimization and perpetration are experienced by those who witnessed one parent hit the other parent and experienced childhood abuse at higher rates in dating relationships in comparison to those who were not exposed to violence during childhood. Ones childhood relationships are very important because they shape the chemical processes in the brain that determine how someone controls his or her impulses, calm or strong emotions and develop memories in their early family life. Tim Clinton (2006) believes that everyone develops relationship rules, which determines their relationship style from childhood. He described four relationship styles in his book, Why You Do the Things You Do: The Secret to Healthy Relationships; the secure, the avoidant, the ambivalent and the disorganized relationship style. The underlying reason why people do the things they do is their relationship style or their attachment style. Special relationship, bond, or connection with another person that is characterized by strong emotions and continues through time is what Clinton (2006) refers to as attachment. A persons relationship style is determined by the interactions between a mother and her infant over time. These interactions teach her child certain relationship rules, which are core beliefs about one self and others. These core beliefs may not always be fully conscious to the individual, but they influence the behavior of everyone in a powerful way, such as the tendencies to act violently or easily become a victim in premarital relationships. Insecure relationship styles, the avoidant, the ambivalent and the disorganized relationship style are most likely to experience relational conflicts more often than those with secure relationship style. Children learn how to manage conflict from watching the way their parents work out their disagreements. A childs security is also threatened when he sees his parents in screaming matches, physical struggles or violence (Clinton, 2006). An individual with a disorganized relationship style is at a high risk to fall into deep depression because this person has been borderline depressed and anxious throughout life. Events such as job loss, conflict with a friend, financial struggles can cause him or her to sink rapidly into serious depression. Those with poor mental health outcomes such as anxiety, depression, reduced self-esteem, stress, and various physical health consequences, have been involved in a violent relationship (Gibb et al. , 2004; Messman-Moore et al. , 2000). The potential for violence can be linked to someone who has developed a disorganized relationship style. Children who develop a disorganized relationship style have been traumatized by their own parents, who were both a source and the solution to their fears and anxieties. This simply means that these children had no solution or safe haven for them. As a result, these children become emotionally disorganized and fragmented during stressful times (Clinton, 2006). There are two sources of stress that influence individuals or couples; positive events that comes with a challenge and negative events that comes with threat and harm or loss. There are contradicting studies of dating violence, and the role that stress plays in premarital love relation conflict is not yet clear. Men and women may react differently to stress according to OLearys (1998) theoretical formulation of spouse aggression. Wethington et al. (1987) reported that research on acute stressors shows that males and females are similar in the number of undesirable events experienced, but that males seem more emotionally affected. Therefore, if there is a relationship between stress and violence, it might be greater for males than females (Marshall Rose, 1990). Marshall and Rose (1990) conducted a study to test the influence of stress on relationship conflicts and violence. They found that positive stress contributed to males recent expression of violence, (p. 61). The reason why positive stress but not negative stress, contributed to males expression of violence is unclear according to Marshal and Rose (1990). This finding is contrary to previously similar studies done by other researchers, however, this contrast may be due to the fact that Marshal and Rose allowed the observers, rather than the respondents to classify the direction of stress impact, whether they are positive or negative. Stress is a secondary emotional reaction, when someone tries to repress primary emotions such as fear or pain due to life issues (Clinton, 2006). An individual who has an avoidant relationship style tends to be narcissistic who can easily become even more self-absorbed under stress. Possibilities for conflicts would increase dramatically for these types of individuals because when they receive negative feedback, for instance, they become angry and contemptuous, (Kindle Locations 1522-1526). This kind of behavior brings constant or more frequent conflicts under stressful times for both individuals. Dyadic Problems In premarital relationships, mutual admiration and devotion exist between couples, especially when they move towards a deeper level of commitment. In contrast to these qualities, most couples were found to be in mutual combat because more than two-thirds of one sample reported reciprocal violence (Carte et al. , 1982). Some individuals, whose perception of dating is one of a carefree experience to be enjoyed or to just have a good time, approach their problems by using their partners as targets to physically act out feelings of anger, confusion and jealousy (Henton et al. 1983). A study done by Henton et al. (1983) assessed the incidence and context of the use of violence in high school relationship because the first experiences in forming intimate relationships occur for many individuals during high school. He found that a significant number of high school students have experienced premarital violence in one or more relationships. In 71. 4% of high school relationships where violence occurred, it was found that the pattern of abuse was reciprocal, where each partner had been both the victim and aggressor at some point in time. The remaining 28. 6 %, four patterns were identified; male abuser only, female abuser only, abused male and abused female. Most individuals remained in violent relationships because they felt that they have significantly fewer alternatives than those who terminated such relationships. Individual tends to tolerate or have a more positive attitude towards premarital violence if they have been involved in abusive relationships than those who were involved in non-abusive relationships (Henton et al. 1983). This finding in this study suggests that the occurrence of premarital violence is because of dyadic problems rather than solely a result of individual characteristics. One suggestion as to why victims had a more positive attitude towards violence may be because victims of violence may have become addicted to such trauma. The brain releases chemicals called endogenous opioids, natural painkillers that are the brain’s equivalent to heroin whenever someone is under extreme stress. The stress of relationship violence could easily cause victims to become addicted to the drug. For someone to withdraw from that drug would be similar to breaking a drug addiction. Increasing the difficulty is the fact that the withdrawal symptoms parallel the nightmare of the traumatized person: emptiness, tension, irritability, and an internal sense of unrest, (Clinton, 2006, Kindle Locations 2131-2137). The person may return to the trauma and its â€Å"morphine,† in order to relieve the symptoms. Another way addiction to trauma can develop is fear of the unknown Clinton, 2006, Kindle Locations 2131-2137. The state of ones emotional wellbeing is a factor that influences how couples handle conflicts and whether they are prone to violence or foster safety. Emotion, according to Clinton (2006), is The physical, gut-felt responses that fuel our behavior and motivate us to act, (Kindle Locations 4310-4311). Emotions are what motivate someone to seek closeness during times of stress and therefore, they are very important in relationships. Specific emotional components such as positive affective tone, listening and understanding, and self-disclosure, protect premarital relationships from violence (Prager Buhrmester, 1998). Those individuals who did not develop a secure relationship style as termed by Tim Clinton (2006) foster many kinds of negative emotions because of insecurities they developed from childhood. Individuals with the ambivalent relationship style tend to be anxious, melodramatic or angry. These individuals would be prone to violence in their dating relationships. Swett and Marcus (2002) explored the issues about couples emotional dynamics and violence. A group of upper-level undergraduates were asked a number of questions about their current relationship, about the duration of their relationships, number of times in previous relationships they had physical fights and the severity of injury they had suffered as a result (Swett Marcus, 2002). The findings of the study support the importance of the intimacy components of positive affective tone and listening and understanding in reducing dyadic violence. The quality of emotional interactions is a factor that influences violent tendencies in premarital relationships. Positive emotions that involve positive affective tone and listening and understanding, can inhibit violence in relationship, and therefore serve as protections against violence (Swett Marcus, 2002). Unhealthy communication leads to conflicts, it prevents couples from being able to talk through their feelings. Tim Clinton (2006), talks about four kinds of unhealthy communication, in his book, he explained how criticism, defensiveness, contempt and stonewalling are all forms of unhealthy communication. Criticism comes in a form of questioning that implies that the other person has a character flaw, for example, why do you always do that? You never do what you say youre going to do. I just cant count on you for anything, (Kindle Locations 775-776). Defensiveness is a reaction against a criticism causing retaliation, for example, â€Å"What do you mean I never do what I say? How many times have you not come through when I needed you to help me out with the kids? You don’t help. You just whine and complain that things don’t happen according to your schedule! † (Kindle Locations 778-779). Contempt comes when criticism and defensiveness intensifies, derogatory remarks, put-downs and extreme distress result. For example, some one who is in contempt might say something like this, â€Å"You make me sick! You never do what you say you’ll do. You’re a big talker, just like your mother, but you never follow through. I’ve grown used to not being able to rely on you, so I’ll just do everything myself—like always. † (Kindle Locations 782-784). Stonewalling results from a high intensity of contempt, causing a person to shut down and stop participating in conversation by walking out of the room or stare off into space. These behaviors can increase the other person’s rage and spark another round of criticism. Kindle Locations 785-787). People with insecure relationship styles would be at a higher risk of relationship violence victimization and or perpetration. Conclusion Although squabbles are a necessary part of every couples growth together, when carefully managed or regulated, is a building block for a healthy relationship, one that is vibrant and thriving (Clinton, 2006). People who are at less risk for relationship violence victimization and perpetration are most likely to possess a secure relationship style. These people are confident in their identity, their effectiveness in the world and trust others. This allows them to have a healthy way of interacting with and relating to people. Secure people are emotionally strong, willing to seek and accept comfort from others, courageous about love and intimacy, and responsible for themselves,(Kindle Location 4337). There are many other factors that potentially increase the chances for individuals to have a healthy love relationship with another person. Individuals, who have higher attachment to his or her parents during childhood, were less likely to be responsible for dating violence (Chapple Hope, 2003). Religious institutions were found to be a protective factor for potential violence dating relationship. Students reporting more church attendance were less likely to be involved in a violent dating relationship (Coker et al. , 2000; Gover, 2004). Conflicts often arise because of the lack of communication skills and resolution skills. Couples should learn to talk openly and honestly about our feelings, both positive and negative ones. A healthy form of communication can develop this way between couples. It will help them avoid unnecessary conflicts that can eventually escalate to violence.

Understanding correlations free essay sample

Correlational studies show relationships between variables. If high scores on one variable predict high scores on the other variable, the correlation is positive. If high scores on one variable predict low scores on the other variable, the correlation is negative. Showing that two variables are related does not justify claiming that a causal relationship exists. There may be a causal relationship, but other explanations usually exist. For example, the variables may be related because both have a causal relationship with a third variable. For each of the correlational studies described below, decide whether the correlation is positive or negative and give two alternative explanations for each finding. 1. A study of married couples showed that the longer they had been married, the more similar their opinions on social and political issues were. Positive or negative? POSITIVE Explanation 1: They could have dealt with similar problems and issues in the past to make them whom they are now which makes them more compatible for each other. We will write a custom essay sample on Understanding correlations or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Explanation 2: Couples married for a longer are more similar and may lead to a longer future together. 2. An intelligence test was given to all the children in an orphanage. The results showed that the longer children had lived in the orphanage, the lower their IQ scores. Positive or negative? NEGATIVE Explanation 1: Being inside the orphanage can shelter the individuals intellect making the education development . Explanation 2:The Smart kids that were in the orphanage could more likely be adopted than a kid proved to have an lower iq. 3. In a study of American cities, a relationship was found between the number of violent crimes and the number of stores selling violence-depicting pornography. Positive or negative? POSITIVE Explanation 1:The more that stores was selling of the pornography stimulated the crime rate making it increase. Explanation 2: 4. A college professor found that the more class absences students have, the lower their grade in the course tends to be. Positive or negative? Explanation 1: Explanation 2: 5. A politician running against a candidate who had been in office for eight years pointed out that violent crime had increased steadily during those eight years even though the administration appropriated more and more money to fight crime. Positive or negative? Explanation 1: Explanation 2: 6. It was found that elementary-school children who made high scores on a vocabulary test also tended to make high scores on a test of physical strength and muscular coordination. Positive or negative? Explanation 1: Explanation 2:

Science Unit Conversion Humor

Science Unit Conversion Humor This is a list of funny, made-up scientific unit conversions. If you need help with real unit conversions, check out our collection of printable conversion worksheets and examples of worked unit conversion problems. 453.6 graham crackers 1 pound cakeExplanation: There are 453.6 grams in 1 pound.Ratio of an igloos circumference to its diameter Eskimo PiExplanation: Pi is the ratio of a circles circumference to diameter, while there is a stereotype that Eskimos dwell in igloos.2000 pounds of Chinese soup Won tonExplanation: A wonton is a type of Chinese dumpling. There are 2000 pounds in 1 ton.Time between slipping on a peel and smacking the pavement 1 bananosecondExplanation: Instead of expressing the unit in terms of nanoseconds, its bananoseconds because a banana caused the fall.1 millionth of a mouthwash 1 microscopeExplanation: This refers to the popular mouthwash, Scope. The metric prefix micro means one millionth.1 million bicycles 1 megacyclesExplanation: The metric prefix mega means 106 or one million.Weight an evangelist carries with God 1 billigramExplanation: This refers to the American evangelist Billy Graham.Time it takes to sail 220 yards at 1 nautical mile per hour Knotfurl ong 365.25 days of drinking low-calorie beer 1 Lite year16.5 feet in the Twilight Zone 1 Rod SerlingExplanation: The rod is a unit of length equal to 16.5 feet. Rod Serling is the American tv producer, screenwriter, and narrator responsible for The Twilight Zone.Basic unit of laryngitis - 1 hoarsepowerExplanation: One symptom of laryngitis is hoarseness.Shortest distance between two jokes - a straight lineExplanation: To deliver a joke as a straight line means its a short joke delivered with a straight face (like its not a joke at all).1 million microphones 1 megaphone365.25 days 1 unicycleExplanation: 365.25 days is one year or one cycle of the Earth around the Sun. Its especially clever because unicycle has another meaning. Its a bike with one wheel.Half a large intestine 1 semicolonExplanation: the large intestine is also called the colon. Since its only half a colon, its a semicolon, much like half a circle is a semicircle.2000 mockingbirds two kilomockingbirdsExplanation: To K ill a Mockingbird is a famous novel by author Harper Lee published in 1960. The kilo is the prefix for a thousand. So, 2000 is two kilo. 10 cards 1 decacardExplanation: Deca is the prefix for 10.52 cards 1 deckacardExplanation. There are 52 cards in a deck of playing cards.1,000,000 aches 1 megahurtzExplanation: There are one million (106) hertz in 1 megahertz. This is a play on words, substituting hurtz (like pain, but with a z) for hertz.1 millionth of a fish 1 microficheExplanation: The word microfiche is pronounced like micro-fish. The prefix micro means one millionth.2.4 statute miles of intravenous surgical tubing at Yale University Hospital 1 I.V. LeagueExplanation: Intravenous tubing is also called IV tubing. Yale is one of the Ivy League school, plus 2.4 statute miles is a length equal to 1 league.1 kilogram of falling figs 1 fig newtonExplanation: The newton is a unit force, which is mass under acceleration (such as youd get from falling figs). This play on words refers to the Nabisco cookie, the fig newton.1000 grams of wet socks 1 literhosenExplanation: Lederhosen are short breeches (not actually so cks). There are 1000 grams of water (more or less) in one liter. The liter is a unit of volume used for liquids, so wet socks are literhosen. 1 trillion pins 1 terrapinExplanation: The prefix terra means a trillion.10 rations 1 decarationExplanation: The prefix deca means 10.100 rations 1 C-rationExplanation: C is the Roman numeral for 100.2 monograms 1 diagramExplanation: Mono is the prefix for one, while dia means two.2 new dimes new paradigmsExplanation: Two dimes is a pair of dimes. A paradigm is a model or pattern. More Science Fun and Humor Looking for more science fun? Check out this collection of molecules with strange names, learn how to make a stink bomb, or trick your friends with disappearing ink.

Risk Management Assignment (BP) British Petroleum Deepwater Horizon Essay

Risk Management Assignment (BP) British Petroleum Deepwater Horizon - Essay Example PART A Introduction Where the world is growing and enhancing at a phenomenal pace, new, modern and contemporary technologies have emerged and growing rapidly in every field of life, which has transformed the ways of living as an outcome. This has also affected the world of commerce and has allowed the businesses to move ahead in a new direction. Investments and returns are the key aspects for a businessperson when setting up the business. However, a business always accompanies innumerable risk factors with it, whether it is the competitor threat, emerging new prospects in the industry, variations in the economic conditions, changing values of the goods or services or the fluctuations in foreign currencies. Risk is the probability or the possibility that a particular step or decision gives an adverse conclusion or makes a loss (Great Britain, pp.1, 2007). More or less, risk is a factor that all businesses enterprise carries; however, the extent and scope of risk varies from business t o business. In the old times, when the businesses were involved in more of manual activities, risk was one of the factors that were at a high level. However, nowadays, the risk factors involved in the business can easily come under measurement through the advancement of technologies and processes. Risk Management A course of action that determines, button down, breakdown, investigate, and either acquire and acknowledge or alleviate risk or ambiguities when making a decision or while investing comes under reference of Risk Management.  The aftereffects or the chain reaction may lead to huge losses if the organizations do not carry out the process of risk management in a commensurate way. One of the major examples that prove the importance of risk management is the Financial Crisis that happened in the year 2008. Through the process of risk management, the intensity of risk coupled with the business and its functions can come under measurement, and course of actions can undertake to eradicate or play down the risks. The businesses execute the process of risk management in order to spot the circumstances, conditions, or actions that may lead to adversity so that preventive measures can come under implementation in order to lessen the risks involved to overcome the consequences that may result in the catastrophe. The determination of risks through a systematic, planned, and apparent approach provides a business to evaluate, quantify, and give high importance to the risks so that adapted and pertinent steps can come under accomplishment to diminish them (Crouhy, Galai, Mark, pp. 37-54, 2006). The organizations’ prime goal and vision is to generate revenue, make profits for themselves and other stakeholder, augment their worth in the market, and create a good will. Therefore, one cannot neglect the fact that risk management is of utmost importance for any organization. In order for a business to flourish and prosper, risk management is one of the essential and elementary aspects and functions that a business should consider and undergo. Risk management is

Unit 1 Lab 2 Using Command Line Help Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Unit 1 Lab 2 Using Command Line Help - Case Study Example It shows the general commands including the tools and utilities. These commands mostly comprise of the BSD user environment (Lewis, 2013). Most are command shell interpreters, commands for manipulating files, commands for the mail, and tools for formatted output and text editors. All of these commands set a value for status so that it can be used to ascertain if the command executed successfully upon completion. The above is in line that a value of zero shows a successful conclusion of the command while, and a value is greater than zero means that an error occurred. Note: With Solaris, it is necessary to run the catman utility before search the man pages by keyword. This can take considerable time on some systems and is generally completed by the instructor prior to class. Enter the following command: $ man –k grep a. List some of the man pages where the grep command was found . Step 10. Interpret man Page Headings There are a number different headings or informational areas in a typical man page. The more common ones are: NAME Name accomplish the same thing SYNOPSIS Shows the syntax arguments DESCRIPTION Gives an overview of what the what the command will take effect on such that can change the function or effect of They are by a dash (-) or minus sign SEE ALSO Refers the user to other related commands and subjects These headings are displayed in the man page output using all capital letters. Depending on the command and its purpose, the man page may not contain all headings. For instance, the pwd (Print Working Directory) command does not have Options or Operands information heading since there are no options or operands that can be with the command. All commands will have at least a Name, Synopsis, and

MARKETING JOURNAL Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

MARKETING JOURNAL - Essay Example If there is no selling of the product, there would be no association of the need with the target audience and hence marketing might not be needed at all. Thus marketing looks to solve the problems in which the consumers are tied up and even when there is no problem at all – just to satisfy one’s desires – they are asked to purchase a product/service so as to have a better standing within a particular social circle or society. In other words, this encompasses the basis of self-esteem needs if not anything else. I believe that marketing employs a number of practices which are regarded as its sub-fields namely advertising, sales promotion activities, personal selling, public relations (or publicity) and direct mailing to name a few. With the passage of time, the definition of marketing has changed as it has included a pre-manufacture tilt to its basis with regards to a product and/or service. Selling gets differentiated from marketing in the fact that selling is only done when a product is made available on the shelf within a retail outlet while marketing starts even when there is an idea or concept of the related product and thus the whole game starts as a result of this hype within the relevant audiences. (Davidson, 1967) Now marketing aims to pinpoint the needs of the target consumers and addresses the same whilst meeting their very needs through the purchase of the product/service and its ultimate usage. Marketing in my opinion has both a positive as well as a negative impact on the individuals, the society at large and the economic settings of a country as well. What this means is the fact that marketing has targeted the different stakeholders with absolutely distinctive offers – and hence the fact that marketing looks glorious at the end of the day. Some individuals might view marketing as a very positive thing since it gives them the opportunity to analyze, judge and eventually understand the

Managing human resource

Managing human resource Managing human resource Organizations and corporations are multifaceted. Such complexity within a business necessitates the need to strategic approach to the management of the employees, whose task is to enable the business to achieve its objectives. Human capital is an imperative asset of an organization and proper use of a potent assent can construct a successful and resourceful organization. In an organization, human capital can make or break an objective or a strategy. The human resource department is the most important departments of an organization. Almost all activities directed at attracting, developing, and maintaining effective workforce are implemented in this department. The functions of human resource management are, but are not limited to, hiring the right candidates, at the right time, and at the right price. It also involves training the existing employees, motivating them to give the best to the organization, resolving conflicts, discipline the employees who violate the organizations rules and regulation, as well as downsizing of the staff strength. Managing human resource is difficult as the job deals with solely installing the organizational culture into employees and keeping them happy in the work environment. In essence, this can be accomplished in theory, but is quite difficult in practice. The different aspects of human resource management can be broadly categorized into recruitment and selection, performance management, benefits and compensation, disciplinary and grievances, labor relation, and manpower planning. Recruitment involves the process of advertising job through magazines, newspaper, headhunting, employment agencies, internal sourcing, and organizations newsletter. The purpose of recruitment is to attract as many candidates as possible, to enable the organization pick the most talented and motivated workers. The aspect of recruitment should be taken serious by human resource managers as the employees have to be suitable for the job so that their contribution can earn the organization long-term security in a framework of maximized profit. A good way of managing human resources involves succession planning, making sure that the company never runs out of right persons for any position, should any position fall vacant. In addition, through a systematic training and development, a talented-lowly paid worker can reach a senior management level. Training of employees is a crucial task in an organization, to ensure that the workers can do their job effectively and efficiently. The employees salary and compensation schemes should be competitive in the industry to keep them motivated. In addition, the department provides advice to employees seeking information about insurance and other schemes. In an organization, the performance system appropriately reviews and rewards the employees accordingly. Human resource managers have to know how to reward the different staffs holding different position. Every organization has rules and regulations; it is the role of the human resource managers to ensure that employee knows when he goes wrong, and to punish him accordingly. The punishment administered may involve verbal warning, written warning, demotion, and dismissal. However, aggrieved cases should be handled in this department. Matters involving employees can also be addressed by the labor union. An organization should serve as a bridge between the union and its employees, and work toward resolving such conflicts to minimize strained labor relationship. The human resource team has to conduct the manpower planning for the future. If the company is suffering from excess manpower, the human resource department has to work with severance package, and conduct retrenchment exercise. Managing human resources is part of business management. It involves resources planning, strategic planning, and dealing with human emotion. Whilst there may be other roles included with the human resource management package, those outlined above are considered to include the most important aspects that serves the employees for the best outcome in the company.

Congress of Vienna (1815) :: essays research papers

Congress of Vienna (1815) In September 1814 – June 1815, the leaders who vanquished Napoleon, European representatives, and those who believe they were in â€Å"high circles† gathered together to redraw territorial boundaries and fashion a lasting peace at the end of the Napoleonic wars after the downfall of Napoleon.  Dominated by four major victors – Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, and Austria set peace term with France in April.  signing a crucial document  legitimacy (territories should once more be placed under the control of the old ruling houses of the traditional order), and stability (balance power in Europe)  light penalty for France and restore it to 1789 boundaries and required France to pay.  abolish slave trade  the Holy alliance was formed to secure the Vienna settlement Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905) In 1904, the Russian angered Japan by increasing it’s presence in China’s Northern Province of Manchuria. Eventually, the Japanese decided to attack the Russian to keep their power on the Asian Mainland and surprisingly, defeated them both on land and at sea. Eventually, Japanese became the dominant power in Manchuria. Second Reform Act (1867)  Caused by the people who are tired and want to gain to the political system  tired of the British government who sympathize with movement for national liberation abroad and parade British naval, and national pride.  started by the Conservative Party, under Benjamin Disraeli, demand for democratic reform  they passed the Reform Bill of 1867  doubled the electorate and gave the vote to the lower-middle class for the first time  gathered support from the working class by passing laws that limited working hours, established sanitary codes, created housing standards, and aided labor union. Alfred Dreyfus (1894) In 1894, A Jewish captain was falsely accused and convicted of betrayal and sent to solitary imprisonment on Devil’s Island in South America.  France people followed the news from time to time  3 years later, the proof of his innocence appeared. Yet, the high-ranking officers refused to open the cased.  Eventually, it divided the nation into two (Left and Right)  Republican, socialist, and intellectuals under Zola rallied for Drefus. Nationalist, conservative, monarchist, and anti-Semitic force supported the Army  in 1899, a second court-martial again convicted Dreyfus for evidence of another’s officer’s guilt.  The Republic pardoned him, but it took seven years to get his name fully acquainted  marked the battle over anti-semitism, but the victory became a victory for republicanism and anti-clericalism.  made them strong enough to separate church with state.

Pepcid Ac Analysis

The problem Pepcid AC faced in its initial entry into the market was direct competition from competing products that, together, took almost all market share. Pepcid AC positioned itself as three important things: providing lasting relief from GERD and gastrointestinal upset by means of the fewest pills possible and providing not only relief but prevention. Tegamet already had an established marketing base that consisted of customers who knew the brand name and were weary to switch to another product.The main point of entry for Pepcid AC would be educating the public on the H2-receptor antagonist prescription drugs, the reduced number of pills needed, and the difference between market-standard Tegamet and new Pepcid AC. My recommendation would be to consider TV advertising as a main means of communicating the product offering of Pepcid AC and essentially â€Å"spreading the word† on how the product differentiates itself.Product endorsement from a physician would be beneficial t o push the product into the hands of weary consumers. Finding a series of doctors who would be able to push the product is the largest problem. Doctors were finding that traditional antacids were easier to sell because they already had an established reputation in the household. By finding a few key doctors who have a lot of influence in the community such as a â€Å"Dr. Phill† or a â€Å"Dr.Oz,† and offering the product as free samples to the doctors and their patients, it would help get the brand name into the mouths of mothers around the country. Endorsement for the product by a few key doctors who are respected in the community, combined with the doctors using and recommending the product to some of their own personal patients, would increase the strength of the brand name and help foster word-of-mouth, an essentially low-cost form of marketing.

The Civil War Essays - Union, Medal Of Honor, Free Essays

The Civil War Essays - Union, Medal Of Honor, Free Essays The Civil War For minorities, as for other Americans, the Civil War was an opportunity to prove their valor and loyalty. Among the first mustered into the Union Army were a De Kalb regiment of German American clerks, the Garibakdi Guards made up of Italian Americans, a "Polish Legion," and hundreds of Irish American youths form Boston and New York. But in Ohio and Washington, D.C., African American volunteers were turned away from recruiting stations and told, "This is a white man's war." Some citizens questioned the loyalty of immigrants who lived in crowded city tenements until an Italian American from Brooklyn turned that around. In the New York Senate, Democrat Francis Spinola had been a vigorous foe of Republican policies and Lincoln. But now he swore his loyalty with stirring words, "This is my flag, which I will follow and defend." This speech gave great assurance that the masses in the great cities were devoted to the Union and ready to enlist for its defense. More than 400,000 European immigrants fought for the Union, including more than 170,00 Germans and more than 150,00 Irish. Many saw their services as a proud sacrifice. The first officer to die for the Union was Captain Constatin Blandowski, one of many immigrants who earlier had fought for freedom in Europe and then joined Lincoln's army. Born in Upper Silesia and trained at Dresden, Germany, he was a veteran of democratic struggles - a Polish revolt at Krakow, the Polish Legion's battles against Austria, and the Hungarian fight for independence. Some nationalities contributed more than their share of Union soldiers. Some immigrants earned the Congressional Medal of Honor. Italian American officer Louis di Cesnola, was the Colonel of the 4th Cavalry Regiment. At Aldie, Virginia, in 1863, he earned the Medal of Honor and was appointed a general. He charged unarmed at the foe, read his citation, "rallied his men ...until desperately wounded and taken prisoner in action." In 1879 Cesnola became director of New York's Metropolitan Museum of Art. The museum then became, wrote a critic, "a monument to his energy, enterprise, and rare executive skill." Italian American privates also won the Medal of Honor. Joseph Sova of the 8th Cavalry earned it for capturing the Confederate flag at Appomattox. Private Orlando Caruana of the 51st Infantry won it at Newburn, North Carolina. With bullets whizzing past him, he saved wounded men and rescued the U.S. flag. As 1865 came on, the feel of victory was in the Northern air. And so the Civil War was over. Yet even the ending of the war did not bring real peace. On Good Friday, April 14, 11 days after Union troops had entered Richmond, an actor named John Wilkes Booth assassinated Lincoln as the President watched a play from his box in Ford's Theater, Washington, D.C. The one man who might have brought about a just peace was dead. The Civil War had solved some old problems for the United States. But it created some new problems as well. But many of the problems created by the Civil War have been solved. Towns have been rebuilt, new industries flourish, and new schools have been erected. Most of the damage of war has been long repaired. North and South both enjoy prosperity. But many of the human problems still remain.

Cesare Beccaria Essays - Penology, Criminology, Criminal Law

Cesare Beccaria Essays - Penology, Criminology, Criminal Law Cesare Beccaria Cesare Beccaria is one of the most famous criminal justice theorists of all time. He lived from 1738 to 1794. He was the eldest son of an Aristocratic Family and was educated in a Jesuit school. His fascination with philosophy lead to him a bunch of friends who soon formed a group called the academy of fists. This group focused their attention on reforming the criminal justice system. This group exposed Beccaria to many great philosophers, who encouraged his work. One to his motivators was a philosopher named Pietro who was in favor of the idea protesting against torture to obtain confession for the law and justice system. As well as many other injustices going on such as, the wrongfully used discretionary power of judges, using personal connections to get lighter sentences and capital punishment. This point of view won the backing of many other great European Emperors and philosophers. By 1770 Beccaria had gained recognition from all over the world and political positions in Italy. Beccarias work touched on two distinct arguments of position. He described and pushed the point of reforming the criminal justice system. He also realized that very few studies had been done on research and reform in the system. He agreed with two philosophers theories: social contract and utility. In retrospect to social contract Beccaria pointed towards punishment as justified only to defend the social contract of citizens and to make sure that all persons followed this standard. In regards to utility Beccaria stressed that the method of punishment selected should be one that helps the public. In his efforts to direct the justice system he discovered that some philosophers had two principle theories justifying punishment. Number one on the list was retributive approach, which states that punishment should be equal to the crime. In other words an eye for an eye. This method falls into a revengeful style of punishment. The second theory was Utilitarianism approach, which states that the punishment should increase the happiness in the world. Meaning that the punishment should reform the criminal. Beccaria takes a utilitarian stance. He truly believes that punishment should deter others from acting in the same manner. This punishment should also take place quickly. The sentencing should be in a speedy manner. This will connect the crime and the punishment in the convicts mind making a clear connection between crime and punishment equaling. Swift punishments will have the greatest impact on deterring others. He also feels that severe punishments are pointless and will loose the initial effect that they intended. Becarria believes that dueling can be eliminated if laws would protect the persons feelings of insult and lose of honor. Punishment should equal the crime point blank, out of all the crimes treason is the worst, because it breaks down the social contract. Followed by violent acts against person and or their belongings. The most effective way to stop crime is to reward good doings in the community, increase education and make simple laws that every one can understand. Becarria believes that capital punishment is not the best deterrent. He says that long term imprisonment is the key to deterrence. People value their right of life more than anything else. Capital punishment should be preformed only if it benefits the public and is truly needed depending on the situation. Capital punishment fails to deter determined criminals from committing extreme crimes. Keeping people on lock down is more deterring then taking their life. Perpetual slavery is more affective and deterring than capital punishment. Beccaria believes that the justice system can be improved. His research had shown that capital punishment is not deterrence. It does more harm to the world than good. Perpetual slavery is the best deterrence the world had in its option. Criminals should be punished by methods that deter not vengeance. If these methods that Becarria has presented are used the rulers of the world will receive long lasting fame as peacemakers.

Chozam - utilizing transportation software Essay

Chozam - utilizing transportation software - Essay Example TMWSuite is a highly configurable enterprise transportation management solution that provides an integrated suite of functions and services to help trucking companies operate efficiently and profitably. It performs following tasks: Manages end-to-end transportation processes - from order entry and dispatch through logistics management and settlement. Combines the power of a PC-based client/server system with the flexibility and familiarity of Microsoft Windows. Provides an infrastructure that links technologies, plus business processes and functions, allowing for high visibility within an organization. Reports "numbers-based" information, enabling decision makers to act on quantifiable facts and established procedures. TMWSuite's framework for logistics software was discussed in TMWSuite Brochure. It includes 3 layers: Executive Office, Asset Management and Back Office, as it is shown at Figure 1. Figure 1. Three layers of the TMWSuite's framework. (TMWSuite Brochure, 2005) TMWSuite is very efficient software solution, but it does not allow transport companies to cooperate their efforts. Nevertheless, it provides support of a full-cycle transport operations. Another product of TMW Systems, TL2000 is software that supports various types of transport operations (first group). TL2000 is a fleet management program that provides an integrated suite of functions and services to help transportation companies on AS/400 platforms to operate efficiently and profitably. It performs following tasks: Provides capability to easily track loads, control equipment and practice peak asset utilization. Integrated accounting system...With TMW trucking software, its customers (trucking companies from 50 to 5,000 trucks) are improving profitability through: Depending on business needs and the transportation software, there are a number of benefits from utilizing transportation software in business environment. Following benefits are cited at the website of Chozam Inc.: Also software exists that performs both of these tasks. I would refer to this group TMW Systems that is the world's premier developer of trucking software for dispatch and transportation solutions. (TMW Systems, Inc. 2005) TMWSuite is a highly configurable enterprise transportation management solution that provides an integrated suite of functions and services to help trucking companies operate efficiently and profitably. It performs following tasks: Another product of TMW Systems, TL2000 is software that supports various types of transport operations (first group). TL2000 is a fleet management program that provides an integrated suite of functions and services to help transportation companies on AS/400 platforms to operate efficiently and profitably. It performs following tasks: TL2000 is light and easy-to-use solution, but it also does not allow transport companies to cooperate their efforts.

There is no specific topic for it, just answer the questions Essay

There is no specific topic for it, just answer the questions - Essay Example This led to the fact that in the name of society freedom individuals and certain groups in society were subjected to coercion. In contrast, the principle of negative liberty is considering any kind of restriction or regulation as a threat to individual freedom and therefore strictly upholds freedom as noninterference. Thus, negative liberty as a principle of non-interference is above the positive freedom in regard to guarantees of freedom of the individual in society. This inspired Quentin Skinner to propose a "third concept of liberty." As a historian, Skinner restores intellectual tradition of civic republicanism, but as a political philosopher - a political tradition of republican liberty, where freedom considers to be the non-domination. Skinner puts forward an alternative understanding of negative liberty. In the center he puts the wellness of the community, though personal freedom of community members is not subordinated to community members.. In the republican tradition is regarded as a citizen of a free citizen in a free-only. Thus the only problem is in preservation of that freedom state. For every citizen the easiest way may be an economic prosperity and active political involvement. In other words, a person must do something for her freedom. Such understanding of freedom imposes greater demands than the liberal concept of negative liberty. Republican ideal of freedom is not just a simple non-interference, but an active involvement, which tries to promote freedom of the individual and freedom of government in the mutual dependence of these liberties. Thus, the community - its not just a social reality, but a result of active engagement and cooperation that goes beyond pure observation of own interests. In his letter from Birmingham Jail Martin Luther King also appeals to the republican conception of freedom as non-domination involving the historical memory of the protesters: "We had no alternative except

Stratigec Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Stratigec - Assignment Example One of the many locations that Coca Cola has invested its resources in is in Japan, a country that accounts for close to 74% of the sales made in Asia. Having to locate a precise region and country that makes its products move of the shelves at a high rate will be essential for growth of the MNE. The ability to utilise strategies for the growth of the company indicates the benefits that influence the creation of new opportunities for the sake of the company. Answering this question will be quite essential in assisting upcoming MNEs to improve on their sales and revenues, while encouraging them to make good use of the resources available. To tackle this gap in the current literature, this essay will examine the literature present to date, and then look at an example of how Coca Cola manages to expand its services across the world, more so in Japan. An examination of the empirical evidence will also take place as well as an interpretation and discussion of the findings from the examination of Coca Cola and its internationalisation strategies. Multinational companies are the main drivers of globalisation and economic growth. These enterprises use their skills, strategies and resources to make the best out of what they have. The goal is to recreate the growing need for a space in the host country to ensure they capture the markets and make good use of the strategies they have readily placed near them (Arregle, Beamish & HÃ ©bert 2009: 89). They understand that the global cities in place will only benefit if there are outsiders who come and take good advantage of the skills and resources present to improve on their presence geographically and within the industry. The market share they acquire will always depend on how much they invest to acquire exclusive rights to develop their goals within the society (Dellestrand & Kappen 2012:

Orenthal James Simpson Essay Example for Free

Orenthal James Simpson Essay The well publicized trial of O. J. Simpson for the double homicide of his ex-wife and her friend focused national attention on the decision-making process of jurors. Because the defendant in the case, which was based primarily on circumstantial evidence, was a black celebrity and the victims were white, much media commentary focused on the influence of racial factors. The defense strategy for O. J. Simpson increased concern about race; central to the defense was a theory that Simpson was framed in a conspiracy by the Los Angeles Police Department due to racial prejudice against the defendant. As the nation watched the proceedings of the trial, questions arose as to whether the jury would be influenced by racial factors when reaching a verdict. The political means for reaching that end differ. On the side are those who align themselves with conservatives and believe that the multiracial needs to focus on removing the concept of race either through the introduction of multiracial category or by advocating for color-blind agendas; on the other side are those who align themselves with liberals and believe that multiracial people should be protected group. It is perfect, as the prosecutors in this case tell us, but coupled with the testimony of a witness; both types of evidence are bolstered. In this case as well the best scientific evidence, including DNA identification, can be nullified by the specter of tainted samples or sloppy handling procedures. This is almost certainly in large part a result of the prevalence in our society of institutionalized racism, in which discrimination on the grounds of racial differences is so deeply enshrined into the systems within which we live that even those who are fair-minded and just somehow become separated from their own personal beliefs and instead get drawn into processes. The struggle over whose account of events would be believed by the jury formed the basis of the trial. Since O. J. ’s trial arose as an accusation of murder, his defense could either a denial of guilt altogether or an excuse or a justification. Low profile criminal cases experience an echo or ripple effect set off by those criminal trials that are represented extensively in the media. While it has been generally recognized that in high profile trials, publicity both before and during the trial, has direct and indirect effects on the actions of attorneys, witnesses, judges, jurors, and the viewing audiences, it is also true that high-profile criminal trials may have an even greater impact on the formal and informal operations of the everyday practices of law enforcement and adjudication, affecting the outcomes of tens of thousands of low-profile criminal cases. But the defense chose the first option. While presenting few details of O. J. ’s actions on the evening in question, the defense focused on every procedural miscue by LAPD investigators to create their counter-story that a racist police department framed the defendant. The prosecution sought to prove O. J. guilt beyond a reasonable doubt,† but spent an extraordinary amount of time countering the combined racist cops/inept lab technicians defense. Since O. J. never testified the DA did not have to directly counter any excused or justifications O.  J. might have offered for any of the acts said to be related to the crime. While prior research supports the influence of juror-defendant racial similarity on verdicts, there appear to be no empirical studies examining this variable with minority defendants of high socioeconomics status. Traditionally most of the publicity associated with trials is not viewed as pretrial publicity. Pretrial publicity commonly refers to the publicity that surrounds high profile criminal defendants and their ability to get a fair trial. It is also true, notwithstanding, that low-profile or non-publicized criminal defendants, who are involved more typically in plea-bargaining and less typically in jury trials, are indirectly affected by high-profile or media-covered criminal trials. Claims of racial discrimination have echoed in our courtrooms for decades; however, black defendants have not typically received the publicity that O. J. Simpson did. But O. J. Simpson was not a typical black defendant; not only was he a popular celebrity, he was also very wealthy. The question then became whether Simpson would be treated the same way other black defendants are treated. In June of 1994, Nicole Brown ex-wife of and Ronald Goldman a waiter who has her friend. â€Å"A veteran Los Angeles homicide policeman, one of the first officers to arrive at Nicole Brown Simpson’s townhouse at 875 South Bundy Avenue they called it the bloodiest crime scene they ever seen. † (Walton, 2006)The bodies of the two victims were found shortly before midnight lying in pools of blood on the Spanish-style walkway leading to the $700,000 townhouse. The thirty-five-year-old ex-wife’s throat was slashed through to the spinal cord, leaving a five-and-a-half-inch gash from the left side of her neck to the right ear. The issues on determination of sentence would be mostly likely to conduct; disagreements adjacent to the undetermined sentence have been many and wide-ranging. Besides the criticism of ineffectiveness, they have deal with two parts of apparent vital flaws. Sentencing judgment has been extensively burdened as subjective, impulsive and leading to unprovoked discrepancy. The apprehensively felt by the offender has been thought to be unreasonable; on the other hand the effective disagreement that such vagueness is counterproductive to rehabilitative intends also has been made. These allegations, joint with to countless, and current legislation in an amount of states as well as the national authority has stimulated in direction of larger determinacy. Current studies advocate that, under legislatively set determinate sentencing, revisions are almost unremitting, typically in an increasing trend, with little consideration to the impact of revisions or corrections or even the crime rate. This is very good corroborative evidence, the scientific analysis of fingerprints, DNA, ballistic or documents can have a real impact on a jury. This type of evidence is objective and persuasive as opposed to the subjective and often unpersuasive testimony of the informant. Officer looks for opportunities to bring this type of dispassionate and objective evidence into the courtroom in support of building the witness foundation of procedural and methodological soundness. The defense technique was applied to perfection in the O. J. Simpson case. Defense counsel Johnny Cochran masterfully attacked the investigators and their process. Regardless of what you think of Cochran or his client, the defense team brilliantly destroyed the prosecution case. So powerful was their offensive that 12 jurors were eventually convinced not only did the glove not fit but that the entire investigative process was criminally defective, and they shamelessly acquitted the defendant. It is best to eliminate such concerns preemptively and forestall any attempts by the opposition to discredit the evidence. A rigorous, complete chain of custody paper trail and careful, no-nonsense procedures in sampling, transporting, storing and analyzing the evidence will be a valuable insurance policy in favor of success at trial. But these issues did emerge in the opening and closing arguments and when interruption of evidence was discussed on the witness stand by experts or eyewitnesses. Ultimately each alleged aspect of the killing, including the events said to lead up to it, were subject to account offering and account refuting. As can be observed elsewhere in our legal system, concerned defendants and wrongdoers attack the investigators and the investigative process when the facts are not in their favor. If the accused is able to attack hard enough and long enough, somebody may eventually believe them. The responses on the subject to the same kind of analysis as offerings of excuses or justifications for O. J. for the cops, for the coroner’s office, for the defense attorneys for the prosecution, for the judge, for the jury. â€Å"Individuals defended or attacked O.  J. ’s credibility, debated whether LAPD detectives were smart enough to carry out a conspiracy to frame O. J. , whether the judge was biased, whether the defense played the race card whether Nicole was partially responsible for her demise. â€Å" (Gallup Newport, 2006) Notions of equality racism and anti-racism tend to appear in constructionist work, not as objects for scrutiny or as explicitly strategic essences, but as taken-for-granted foundations, providing common-sense moral and political coherence and direction. The spectacle of O. J. Simpson legal procedure showed how a literature practice ended up convoluting justice. In fact literate law is not meant to serve justice. Its purpose is to use the law to acquit a client. A micro-level phenomenon such as prejudice is a historical concept but it can be incorporated into a historic framework. In such a framework, prejudice and racist ideology can be explained in terms of the structure of inequality in the base of society, which gives rise to both of them. Wrapping up the trial proceedings provides another opportunity to review the case, the defense team argued for jury nullification and send message about racism. Which lead to dialogue about how cultural experiences shape the way people view life. Though in Simpson case, the outcome gives a lot of views and human behavior vary so much across situation with any gratis that is provided by the government, that is why proper assessment in such referral must undertake to provide the students and their parents the explanation of the evaluation for them to understand the process of acquiring the service. Law enforcement investigative methods are perhaps more closely scrutinized now than in decades past. The significant of case investigators, as they build the work performed during a different period and perhaps a different level of expectation and subsequently develop it to meet its standards. Evidence identification and collection practices have a directly effect in their ability to conduct and resolve any case investigations. The impact of the crime can be ruthless and atrocious. The victims of rape endure weeks of physical pain and years of psychological agony. Businesses suffer massive dollar losses and some go bankrupt due to employee theft and Shoplifting Victims of break-ins spend sleepless nights wondering if the same burglar might return again. Citizens everywhere hear stories about crimes that happen to their friends, relatives, and neighbors; television and newspapers daily thrust the pain of crime’s victims into our lives. The impacts of crime are real, but surprisingly some costs are difficult to measure and where measurable, often are not well documented. The result is a public picture of crime’s costs that is as much myth and exaggeration as fact and truth. Yet it is from the society’s point of view, no matter how accurate or inaccurate, that much of public policy and governmental effort to combat crime is based. This social impact is more or less vulnerable since their position in the society. People who have least power socially suffer most from crime. Most relevant here are the social relationship of age, class, gender and race. When analyzed in focusing on the combination of these fundamental social relationships, allows us to note the extraordinary differences between social groups as to both the impact of crime and the focus of policing. Crime scenario has no room for differing sensibilities to the impoliteness which they describe or the differing power of different communities to deal with such things and resists the downward slide. Arguments are to take into account the social impact of crime; it is on the poorest and least resourced neighborhoods that they should focus their attention. Economic impact of crime in the society is also annoying, the cost of crime are simply part of the overhead of running a modern society. A certain amount of costs is unavoidable; since the society spends just enough so that, in a social optimum, the marginal money spent for crime control equals the marginal revenue from reduced crime. Calculating the burden of crime could be an ideal state in which there is no occurrence of criminal behavior defined by existing law. Economic costs of crime arise when crime causes society to divert time, energy and resources from more productive resources. Cost of crime does not only include property losses, medical costs and pay losses due to injury. They also include costs of public and private efforts made to prevent and reduce future crime rates as well as costs of the criminal justice system. The consistent ideal characteristic of criminal law may it be politically, specificity, uniformity and penal sanction. They may be viewed as translations of these characteristics into statements of the ideal characteristics of major crimes. And in thorough study in crimes here are the characteristics of major crimes. 1. The behavior must have certain external consequences. Since a crime must have a harmful impact on the social interests; a mental or emotional state is not enough. The intention is not taken for the deed. 2. The harm must be outlawed. Any engaging immoral behavior is not crime unless the behavior has been specifically outlawed in advanced, criminal law does not have retroactive effect. . There must be conduct, must have an intentional or reckless act or omission which produces the harmful consequences. 4. Has a criminal intent, the motive for a crime may good but the intention might be to affect an outlawed harm, a criminal intent. 5. Fusion intent and the conduct do not fuse or concur. 6. Has a casual relation between the voluntary misconduct and the outlawed harm. Like what mentioned above crime has a major impact on the society especially in present highlighted form. The large-scale of crime of our days evokes fear and terror in the society; it has a terrible effect on the climate of opinion, results in the diminishing of the authority of the state, and the increase of taking justice into our own hands. The establishment of the perpetrators responsibility is slowly dwindling. It becomes more and more obvious that besides state criminal investigation, the crime prevention activity of the local and other communities is an essential factor. Prevention of crimes through environmental design, social control, encloses/ access control; criminal justice; and defensible space. These are all based on the premise that multiple housing has inevitable side effects which are sometimes undesirable and that it is possible to develop guidelines to avoid these since crimes amongst strangers are in part a simple by product of the numbers of unacquainted people who come in close physical contact. The impacts of crime are real, but surprisingly some costs are difficult to measure and where measurable. It can be harsh and brutal, public picture of crime’s costs that is as much myth and exaggeration as fact and truth. It is from the citizen’s point of view, no matter how accurate or inaccurate, that much of public policy and governmental effort to combat crime is based. Possible ascertain whether a crime has been prevented as a result of a crime prevention program. The majority of evaluations of crime efforts focus on interventions to address pre-existing crime problems and the impact of an intervention over a time period. †¢ Murder is an act of killing innocent person intentionally. †¢ Assault is an act of forceful throbbing directly or indirectly to other human beings. Kidnapping forceful abduction with an intention to ask for ransom. Basic Theory that makes it clear that the specific theoretical law which develop in the course of its unfolding and the subsequent applications of these laws to describing and explaining concrete empirical situations can be regarded as the generation by the basic theory of special theories. The behavioral model incorporates elements of organization learning, conflict resolution, shot run reaction to change in the society. Despite what appears to be only a recent concern for repaying the crime for the loss, the practice is historically quite ancient. Regulating the criminal process, reparation occurred taken by the victim against the offender. The state took control of crime justice; such revenge became in itself a criminal act. Increasing the dominance over human activities, it is also enhanced its control over criminal justice. Contribution of famous law makers makes sure that the basis of the legal system of various nations from the Roman regime to the present. The issues on determination of sentence would be mostly likely to conduct; disagreements adjacent to the undetermined sentence have been many and wide-ranging. Besides the criticism of ineffectiveness, they have deal with two parts of apparent vital flaws. Sentencing judgment has been extensively burdened as subjective, impulsive and leading to unprovoked discrepancy. Sentencing judgment has been extensively burdened as subjective, impulsive and leading to unprovoked discrepancy. The apprehensively felt by the offender has been thought to be unreasonable; on the other hand the effective disagreement that such vagueness is counterproductive to rehabilitative intends also has been made. The apprehensively felt by the offender has been thought to be unreasonable; on the other hand the effective disagreement that such vagueness is counterproductive to rehabilitative intends also has been made. These allegations, joint with to countless, and current legislation in an amount of states as well as the national authority has stimulated in direction of larger determinacy. Current studies advocate that, under legislatively set determinate sentencing, revisions are almost unremitting, typically in an increasing trend, with little consideration to the impact of revisions or corrections or even the crime rate.

Rio De Janeiro Host The Summer 2016 Olympic Games Tourism Essay

Rio De Janeiro Host The Summer 2016 Olympic Games Tourism Essay Rio de Janeiro is the second largest city in Brazil, the third largest urban area in South America and the main tourist destination in the Southern Hemisphere, being the first South American city to ever host the event is a great responsibility. The population of the city of Rio de Janeiro, which has an area of 1,182.3  square kilometers, is about 6,100,000. The population of the greater metropolitan area is estimated at 11 to 13.5  million. It was Brazils capital until 1960. In 2009, Rio was elected to host the summer 2016 Olympic Games, winning the election against Chicago, Madrid and Tokyo. The sports competitions will take place on Barra da Tijuca situated on the west side of the city, Copacabana on the south zone, and Maracanà £ and Deodoro on the north side. It may be considered a great accomplishment for the city, however some may disagree that Rio de Janeiro is not fit and does not have financial and secure conditions to be the main focus of the world in 2016. This essay might be of great interest to the people living in Rio and sports fan all around the world planning on watching the Olympic Games, as it describes mainly the citys geography to host the games. Also this topic might be of interest to people that question if Rio can successfully host such a big event without any casualties and will the city in general benefit from being the center of attention worldwide. The topic is also important for the city which has started planning and making budgets, looking forward for being a successful host, a great amount of money must be invested in long term repair in stadiums and general sports facilities as well as security. Brazilian people are also known for having a great passion for sports and there was a big celebration when Rio was announced to host the games as people want to show the world that Rio is capable of holding such an important event. Controversies regarding Rio being the host for the Olympic Games arise as the city is constantly rega rded as un-safe due to the high rates of criminalities and drug dealing taking place in the favelas or shanty towns. It is also worth writing about how Rio can benefit from all this development and planning as well as tourism generated from the Olympic Games as other controversies state that the money spent in investment for hosting should be instead invested in education and the economy of the city for further development. The topic will be more focused on how will the city invest on long term plans and solutions to problems, how will the event be evenly distributed through Rio and how will it be good for Rio in the future. Rio de Janeiro may be considered then most challenging city to judge and make a prediction if it has the capacity of hosting the biggest sports event in the world. Barcelona, Sydney, Vancouver, and London are considered to be more developed as they are located in More Economically Developed Countries and have more developed infrastructure as well as taking effic ient anti-terrorism methods. Although the city is considered a great tourism tropical destination, studies reveal that the city lacks infra-structure, educational means and is affected by great poverty with a large number of the population living in slums. Due to these facts, a part of the population demanded the money to be invested in those means helping the city develop, instead of building sports facilities. It is also estimated that by 2016, the whole nation is capable of eradicating extreme poverty, however for this to happen Brazil must maintain its developing process shown in the last five years. Counter claims may argue that the Olympic Games will bring an excessive amount of profit due to tourism and sponsoring as well as jobs being generated (the city also show significant amounts of unemployment). The government however states that all security and geographical issues were presented to the Olympic committee and was approved almost unanimously, being confident in the long term plans as seven years of preparation seem enough. Another research, states that Rio will manage to achieve a target made by the UN that states must decrease levels in poverty by 50%. There is a lot of statistical data that implies that Rio de Janeiro will manage to achieve sustainable levels of economy, and poverty by the end of 2016, however measures must be taken and the process of development shown in past years must be maintained. 50% of the events will take place on Barra da Tijuca, which is a developed area, with less poverty and almost no slums as well as a wide space and facilities built from the Pan-American games. The transport system is also well developed with a network of trains, buses and subways linked to other sides of Rio where other events are going to take place. Promises were made to the Olympic committee that the Guanabara Bay and Rodrigo de Freitas Lagoon will be cleaned sp water sports can be held. A bullet train linking Rio de Janeiro and Sà £o Paulo was also presented to the commit tee which will play a big role in the transport system if introduced before the Olympic games. Recent researches and statistics show that there are more than one thousand favelas spread through out the city with the majority of them being located on the north side (Zona Norte). Also a statistical map indicates that 20 to 30% of the population living in Brazil, live in a slum. This can be significant data while analyzing the city for hosting the games as each slum is dominated by drug dealers and criminality and safety around them can become an issue for the development of Rio until 2016. For the development to be maintained, the city must invest in a crucial factor which is safety. Safety is considered weak in almost every event held although casualties regarding them are rare. For the games to be hosted in the north zone of the city for example, which is considered to be one of the highest rates of criminality in the world due to drug dealing and poverty, long term measures must be taken. An example of long term plan by the government which already started to be implemented i n 2009 is the UPP (Unidade de Policia Pacificadora) is a unit of the military and civil police designated to eradicate and exterminate drugs and arms. The UPP have been very successful just recently where a total of eight slums have already been pacified and are controlled by the government. The police which also have a history of corruption within the state, trading with dealers have been mobilized to end illegal dealings in the slums, with the intention of offering more safety by 2016. This method seems like the most appropriate measure in increasing the security issues of the city, and if it continues to develop and spread throughout the city a significant increase in safety will be applied to the event. The UPP would greatly help the city in the developing process for hosting the Olympic Games as studies made reveal that if every slum in the city is occupied by the government, an increase in 20% of the PIB (sum of financial production) which would represent 38 billions reais for the development of the city as well as an decrease of about 80% of criminality. This is the most efficient method of violence contingency shown and is the key for offering security during the Olympics, however it is a very hard task and taking into consideration past government activities, it will take probably more than seven years for it to be implemented with success. In almost one year that the UPPs were implemented a huge profit and efficiency was achieved with a significant decrease in violence in the surroundings, so in seven years of preparation for the Olympic Games, the governor of Rio Sergio Cabral guarantees that the project will continue. However the government must not forget a big threat to security of Olympic Games, which is international terrorism. Therefore a certain amount of training is necessary and constant monitoring. Looking at the recent past, Rio de Janeiro has hosted an important event similar to the Olympic Games which was the Rio 2007 Pan-American games, and no problems were faced. The money was well invested and the games were a success by generating jobs ad tourist attractions. However the Olympic Games are a much bigger event with a wider variety of activities therefore more space and planning must be taken into consideration. On the contrary of some people may think, the developing process to host the games can bring even more benefit and help the city show a significant growth internationally, as even more jobs can be generated as well as tourism. However, Rio currently really needs investment in security and education, so how can it benefit by hosting the games? Firstly, the Olympic Games further increase the worlds awareness of the city. In Beijing, China, for example the number of headquarters for multi-national companies and large-scale domestic enterprises has multiplied ever since Beijing started its Olympic preparations. The preparations for the Olympic Games can also help update the functions of the city such as environment, transportation and infrastructure. Taking Beijing as an example, the Olympic introductory work will also ease the citys economic growth. Beijings GDP rose to 102.6 billion dollars in 2006, twice as much as in 2001, as its GDP per capita exceeded 6300 dollars, also twice as much as in 2001. With this significant increase in the economy of the city, the number of tourists in Rio which is already very big may increase by more than 1.5 million. Another good past example, in the Winter Olympic Games in Vancouver, the benefits have been projected to be $10 billion. Another fact which can cause a great impact against Rio for hosting the game is the fact that the city is one of the 12 chosen to host the 2014 FIFA World Cup, and is considered to be not in the right path by the FIFA. Brazilian venues are falling behind schedules and little work has been carried out in the last 25 months after the announcement, constructions and general repairs are late. Inspections have been held and it is proven that Rio along with other cities has not met the deadlines of repairing stadium which are the main attraction of the World Cup. Upgrades in the main stadium are yet to start and are still lingering, which sounded an alert to the FIFA that Brazil is already late. Rio has managed to successfully host a World Cup in 1950 although conditions and requirements were less strict, and maybe with all these upgrades, constructions, jobs and increase in security for 2014, some of it may in fact be useful for the Olympics two years later. The city will gain infra-structure and general increase in security and sports facilities with the world cup in 2014. Generally, not only in the case of Rio, revenue is generated for national companies, the image of the city worldwide is improved and the flow of tourism is improved. But accelerated growth necessary in hosting the Olympic Games disrupts the long term town preparation of the city and cause long term negative effect. On the other side there are the costs for developing facilities necessary to host different sports, as well as the financing for the Olympic village were the athletes must stay, with a significant amount of money being invested in transportation and security. However if the money is invested in schools, hospitals or other public, employment could still be created, sometimes even more and are considered permanent institutions. After the Olympic Games, sports facilities will have obviously less value will be less used and not so significant in helping the city and economy to develop. The employment and part of the benefit brought by the Olympic Games may be considered rather temporary as well as few significant long term growths linked with the games. Although there is a temporary boost in the output of the economy, in the long term there is barely some change. Therefore these temporary and necessary changes to host the Olympic games, can be of great use long term for example security. As the city invest on security and decreasing levels of criminality for the games, it helps to exterminate an old problem of the city which is the criminality. There are counter claims for this argument as all these improvements for changes including the UPPs are temporary and monitoring may decrease shortly after the Olympic Games. In the end, the money spent by tourists during the games might not be sufficient to cover all costs even if they bring benefit to the city. Especially Rio needs to invest in public institutions and education, more than Vancouver and Sydney for example. Although there are major problems and uncertainties a list of benefits can be made such as: with world class facilities built future events may be held, new construction project generating jobs, spectators, sponsors and broadcasting make the city the center of attention worldwide, powerful marketing tool, increase reputation resulting in a long term benefit for economy, international recognition and etc. The country itself still needs to study how to do permanent public policies as no strategic planning happened in the Pan-American games. In the case of Rio, which still faces cases of prejudice and stereotype against low class civilians, jobs being generated can really fix an old problem in which people living in shanty towns face unsuitable living conditions, no access to sewage disposal and clean drinkable water with high levels of crimes, unemployment and low incomes. Just recently, a very serious case of flooding took place in Rio. A natural disaster is a rare however alarming event in which developed cities are supposed to be prepared for. Rio de Janeiro is expected to cope with any sort of situation; however in April 2010 the city faced the biggest flood in the history of Rio with an astonishing 288mm of precipitation in less than twenty four hours. A total of 95 people were confirmed dead mainly as a result of land slide and, of course, became news headline worldwide. It became clear that Rio did not support an appropriate infra-structure and was not prepared for such a disaster. The poverty surrounding the city was also highlighted as land slides in shanty towns killed and injured dozen of people, as well as interrupting several activities during two whole days. The government however states that it is impossible to maintain a controlled situation with such a huge amount of precipitation which was never seen before and especially when Rio is still going through a big process of development. International repercussion is common as it is clearly a matter of safety, and the spectators and athletes waiting so long and traveling so far for such an important event wants safety. Methods of future flood prevention are being studied, such as the creation of flood plains, winding streams and levees. Each method can contain drawbacks and a huge amount of effort however a good way to prevent future accidents. Rios Demographic transition model can be seen above with the central business district in the middle and a large area of Favelas in the surroundings. It is clearly not balanced and the games will be held around the CBD with a few exceptions through B. Below an urban morphology and characteristics map of Rio de Janeiro can be seen as the higher class districts and CBD is concentrated near the coastline with the suburbs in the rural area. As a conclusion, Rio de Janeiro has the conditions to host the summer Olympic Games with success, however it may not bring the expected amount of benefit. Seven years of planning and introducing extreme measures to overcome major problems in the city will not be a problem. Significant increase and development regarding security, and economical growth in Rio de Janeiro has been shown in recent studies. Just recently Rio has hosted a big sports event which was the Pan-American games with great success and no casualties bringing even some benefit. The population in general has been very excited with the decision of the city for the host as it is already a tourist destination and improvement for the games will help the city in the future. However Brazilians in general shows great passion towards sports mainly soccer and shows great enthusiasm and cooperation when the result for Rio being the host was announced, and as a result can forget about some major issues the city need to take care of as a part of its development before making such a big investment for an event such as the Olympic games. In order for a conclusion to be made the goals for the city must be analyzed first. So, is it good for the city to organize the Olympic games? For example Vancouver and London which are already considered developed and share a good outside image, having few ambitions and determination for growth may not achieve such a great improvement in their image and economy, and sports facilities and changes might be made redundant. However cities in development like Rio and Beijing may have the ambition of showing their development and improving their image and showing the world they are competitors to host other future events. Even internationally, it is questioned if Rio can host the Olympic Games, due to security reasons as one week after the announcement, fourteen people were killed and a chopper was shot down on a operation in a favela. However there is the argument that Brazil is not affected by terrorism, like London for example. For a successful prediction to be made if Rio can host the Olympic Games, the past major event hosted must be analyzed, which is the Pan-American games in 2007. The same argument that was used in the Pan-American games were used to convince the Olympic committee, that it was Brazils turn to show what is it capable of, one of the 10th largest economy in the world and a population that have and indefinite passion for sports. The aftermath of the Pan-American games did not quite show any transformation into a more modern, international and safer city. Promises were also made in 2007 that criminality would decrease, a new road system (via light) and 55km of subway lines would be introduced as well as cleaning up the Lagoon located in the centre of the city and finally the Guanabara Bay, whose smell assails visitors driving into town from the international airport. Although hundreds of millions of dollars have been spent, the unpleasant smell persists and the bay remains a foul-smelling spot on the landscape. Chico Alencar, a respected Congressman from Rio and also a researcher for the enormous overspending at the Pan-American games revealed that the games ended up costing much more than the original estimate (about 180 million US dollars) and none of it was used to built the promised infrastructure projects. After the Pan-American games, the city came back to its original mess although a four week celebration was given to the people and athletes, and the same problems faced back in 2007 might be the same in 2016 but the sports event is even bigger. Therefore there is a tendency that Rio will spend even more money on this bigger event, maybe halting the development of other areas in need. Brazil in general needs to learn from its past mistakes and areas of society must unite for no overspending. Finally, other questions rises when analyzing if Rio can host the Summer Olympic Games and can it benefit from it such a s: Can Rio learn from past mistakes (Pan-American games)? Can the city keep its promises for development? Will the infrastructure provided be sufficient for hosting such a big international event? Will current issues such as security be a problem and can the city overcome it? These questions are still left unanswered, but Rio has been given a chance to prove critics wrong after an almost unanimous decision against more developed cities. Read more: http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1926094,00.html#ixzz0k9Ts0zcY http://geographylost.blogspot.com/2007/03/rio-de-janeiro-wish-i-had-found-this.html DTM maps http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Olympics http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_janeiro#Geography http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Favela http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ficheiro:Urban_population_living_in_slums.svg fatos e figures de favela http://www.sober.org.br/palestra/12/11O481.pdf à ndice de Pobreza pode ser erradicado do Brasil em 2016 http://www.ipea.gov.br/sites/000/2/comunicado_presidencia/100112Comunicado38.pdf prediction brazil 2016 vai acabar pobreza http://mercadoetico.terra.com.br/website/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/grafico1.gif meta onu http://mercadoetico.terra.com.br/website/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/grafico2.gif VEJA RIO magazine Operaà §Ãƒ £o Favela Livre http://en.beijing2008.cn/news/official/preparation/n214180326.shtml pequim http://minimaxblog.com/2010/03/costs-and-benefits-of-hosting-the-olympic-games/ costs benefits http://goodpoint.elc.polyu.edu.hk/print_list.php?mapid=2244 list of benefits http://www.rio2016.org.br/pt/Rio2016/ http://oglobo.globo.com/rio/mat/2010/04/06/rio-vive-pior-enchente-da-historia-916261532.asp flood http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/football/world-cup-2010/teams/brazil/7686639/World-Cup-2014-Fifa-sound-alarm-as-Brazilian-venues-fall-behind-schedule.html world cup